Caldwell is a city in and the county seat of Burleson County, Texas, United States. The population was 3,993 at the 2020 census. It is part of th…Caldwell is a city in and the county seat of Burleson County, Texas, United States. The population was 3,993 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area. Caldwell is located northwest of the center of Burleson County. Texas State Highway 21 passes through the center of the city, leading northeast 23 miles to Bryan and southwest 50 miles to Bastrop. Texas State Highway 36 bypasses the center of the city to the northeast, leading northwest 16 miles to Milano and southeast 32 miles to Brenham.