Amino acids are small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins serve as structural support inside the cell and they perform many vital chemical reactions. Each protein is a ...

Zuckerkandl & Pauling (1965) likened the constant accumulation of amino acid substitutions over time to regular ‘ticks' of clocks, and stated that ‘there may exist a molecular evolutionary clock'.

These mutations can potentially alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein, which may affect its function. Pseudouridine is an isomer of uracil, meaning it has the same chemical formula ...