Real and imaginary: The time-dependent Schrödinger equation formulated using complex numbers. (Courtesy: iStock/piranka) Complex numbers are essential to achieve the most accurate quantum-mechanical ...

Complex systems such as metabolic pathways, ecosystems, the Internet, or human societies are comprised of large numbers of components that interact according to rules that change over time and that ...

A century ago, the strange behavior of atoms and elementary particles led physicists to formulate a new theory of nature. That theory, quantum mechanics, found immediate success, proving its worth ...

Several years ago one of us, Toni, asked another of us, Marco, to come to his office at the Institute of Photonic Sciences, a large research center in Castelldefels near Barcelona. “There is a problem ...

Many important phenomena, concerning ecosystems, societies, our health, or even science itself, are more than the simple sum of their parts. Complex systems are what emerge when basic building blocks ...