SAN FRANCISCO - While commercially available optical tools can help clinicians identify premalignant lesions in the oral cavity, the prevalence of confounding lesions increases the rate of false ...

(PhysOrg.com) -- Researchers at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) and Boston University School of Public Health have found that no adjustment method fully resolves confounding by indication ...

Confounding Problems Grants assist undergraduate students in pursuing research related to so-called confounding (or wicked) problems. These are large-scale problems that resist any simple solution — ...

means that the level of factor F is computed by adding the levels of B and D and two times the levels of C and E, all modulo 3. Note that if q is not a prime number, Galois field arithmetic is not ...

Unmeasured confounding variables are a common problem in drawing causal inferences in observational studies. A theorem is given which in certain circumstances allows the researcher to draw conclusions ...