Crust and lithospheric mantle—the thinnest and thickest layers of the Earth's lithosphere ... used to gain insight into the structure and properties of the lithosphere and the forces that ...

The plates make up Earth's outer shell, called the lithosphere. (This includes the crust and uppermost part of the mantle.) Churning currents in the molten rocks below propel them along like a ...

Alternatively, as shown in the diagram, convection currents under the Earth’s crust transfer heat, which rises through the surface and cools back down in a circular motion. The convection ...

Hydrological Structure, Properties, and State of the Oceanic Crust ... Insight into the hydrogeology and alteration of oceanic lithosphere based on subduction zones and arc volcanism S. M. Peacock 21.

Rocks were flying everywhere, willy-nilly, smacking into the newly formed planets, pocking them with craters and gouging out ...

Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental physical process in plasmas, through which the magnetic energy is converted into ...

Apollo 8 pilot Bill Anders took this iconic photo of Earth from lunar orbit on Christmas Eve, Dec. 24, 1968. Earth’s continents—unique in the solar system—are visible, rising above the ocean.

Cratons are fascinating yet enigmatic geological formations. Known to be relatively stable portions of the Earth's ...

The North China Craton (NCC) is a very old and stable geological structure, experiencing deformations since the Mesozoic era.

How Life Began on Earth: Modeling Earth's Ancient Atmosphere Oct. 31, 2024 — This model reveals how vastly different the atmosphere was on ancient Earth, and how life may have first ...

New research reveals a hidden 1,500-kilometer impact structure on Venus, challenging our understanding of planetary impacts ...

Seismological observations, including envelope broadening with increasing distance from an earthquake source and the excitation of long-lasting coda waves, provide a means of investigating velocity ...