Saxon or English kingdoms were created, the strongest of which, by AD 700, were Northumbria, Kent, Wessex and Mercia. The early kingdoms of Wales have older roots than do those of England.

Between AD 650 and 750, Britain's lowland zone became firmly English. Even in southern Scotland, most of the Brythonic or Welsh kingdoms came under English or Anglian control. Yet before that ...

Saxon or English kingdoms were created ... and would become one of the great engineering achievements in British history.

Saxon or English kingdoms were created, the strongest of which, by AD 700, were Northumbria, Kent, Wessex and Mercia. The early kingdoms of Wales have older roots than do those of England.