This diagram illustrates the step-by-step process of integrating a seven-level multilevel inverter with a grid-connected solar PV system, using the Greylag Goose Optimization (GGO) algorithm to ...

An international research team has tested a hybrid control technique combining adapted perturb and observe (APO) with model-predictive control to address complex partial shading in solar arrays. The ...

A research team led by scientists from India has developed a novel “smart” electric vehicle (EV) system that uses PV panels, a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, battery storage, and a ...

In modern photovoltaic (PV) system design, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit and algorithms are implemented digitally (in a microcontroller unit or FPGA), so that those advanced ...