Although 4D printing is considered very promising for various biomedical applications – such as tissue scaffolds, neural scaffolds, grafts and stents, cardiac patches and valves, even bionic ...

With 4D printing, the objects can change shape or properties using external stimuli such as temperature, light, pH, magnetic field, electricity, and moisture. Additionally, the changes in shape or ...

Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing, takes a digital blueprint and turns it into a physical object using computer-aided design (CAD). A repeating 2D structure is built up, ...

A Chinese research team has developed a single-step femtosecond laser 4D printing technology that enables rapid and precise ...

In the latest research in the field of materials science and engineering, researchers have made remarkable progress in the 3D and 4D printing of electromagnetic metamaterials (EMMs). This breakthrough ...

Ceramics have a high melting point which makes it difficult to be produced by conventional lasers. Additionally, ceramic production by existing 3D-printing methods make it challenging to deform and ...

In CNC milling, the so-called “4th axis” is rotation of either the tool or the part around the other. In additive manufacturing techniques, like 3D printing, the angle at which a material is deposited ...