The basic physical process of irradiating a material with photons of a known energy and measuring the ejected photoelectrons has remained unchanged over six decades since it was first commercialized.

Engineering material surface properties can influence some of the most important characteristics of materials, such as corrosion resistance, adhesion, color, conductivity, biocompatibility, and many ...

Standard electrogalvanized coating thicknesses tend to range from 5 µm to 8 µm. Homogeneity is key to ensuring premium ...

Surface properties dictate a vast array of material characteristics that are crucial to performance, durability, and intended functionality across diverse industries. Properties such as friction, wear ...