Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere — a viscous layer kept malleable by heat deep within the Earth. It lubricates the undersides of Earth's tectonic plates, allowing the lithosphere to move.

This includes the movements of the Earth’s tectonic plates that result in the creation, destruction and rearrangement of the Earth’s crust and lithosphere. Seismic velocity changes near the ...

First, the Izanagi plate underwent initial subduction and slid beneath the ... This rollback caused extensional deformation, ...