India’s economic reforms of the 1990s promised growth and modernization. But what happens when growth is “jobless” and inequality deepens? Sripad Motiram (UMass Boston Economics Department) explains how neoliberal reforms reshaped India’s economy—fueling rising wealth inequality, jobless growth, and urban divides. He explores how these changes intersect with the rise of Hindu nationalism since 2014, describing it as an elite backlash against earlier welfare policies. Motiram also discusses his r